Scientists have carefully checked these observations to exclude observational errors and other influences - such as the urban heat island effect and localised warming due to land surface changes.

科学家们谨慎地监测那些观测，以排除观测误差和其它影响，诸如城市的热岛效应和由于地表变化导致的局部升温。

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But other aspects of the location like the elevation of the land, the plant life nearby, and so on, have a substantial effect on microclimates.

但是这个地方的其他方面因素，比如陆地的海拔、附近的植被等等，都对当地的小气候有实质影响。

youdao

Wetlands have a big effect on groundwater, the amount of water below the surface of the land.

湿地对地下水，即地表以下的水量影响很大。

youdao

Scrapping land sales in effect cuts the potential supply of new flats coming on to the market by roughly half.

ECONOMIST: Hong Kong

And no one knows how the new market in tradable subsidy entitlements will work, or the effect on land prices.

ECONOMIST: Farmers face a new regime: subsidy for land, not crops

Each land cover has a different effect on carbon and climate cycles.

BBC: How Earth's land is used